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网站建设可以经营吗,长沙百度提升排名,网站建设公司不能备案吗,想要个免费网站9.1 优化器 ① 损失函数调用backward方法，就可以调用损失函数的反向传播方法，就可以求出我们需要调节的梯度，我们就可以利用我们的优化器就可以根据梯度对参数进行调整，达到整体误差降低的目的。 ② 梯度要清零，如果梯…

9.1 优化器

① 损失函数调用backward方法，就可以调用损失函数的反向传播方法，就可以求出我们需要调节的梯度，我们就可以利用我们的优化器就可以根据梯度对参数进行调整，达到整体误差降低的目的。

② 梯度要清零，如果梯度不清零会导致梯度累加。

9.2  神经网络优化一轮

import torch
import torchvision
from torch import nn 
from torch.nn import Conv2d, MaxPool2d, Flatten, Linear, Sequential
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriterdataset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10("./dataset",train=False,transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),download=True)       
dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=64,drop_last=True)class Tudui(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super(Tudui, self).__init__()        self.model1 = Sequential(Conv2d(3,32,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Conv2d(32,32,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Conv2d(32,64,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Flatten(),Linear(1024,64),Linear(64,10))def forward(self, x):x = self.model1(x)return xloss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 交叉熵    
tudui = Tudui()
optim = torch.optim.SGD(tudui.parameters(),lr=0.01)   # 随机梯度下降优化器
for data in dataloader:imgs, targets = dataoutputs = tudui(imgs)result_loss = loss(outputs, targets) # 计算实际输出与目标输出的差距optim.zero_grad()  # 梯度清零result_loss.backward() # 反向传播，计算损失函数的梯度optim.step()   # 根据梯度，对网络的参数进行调优print(result_loss) # 对数据只看了一遍，只看了一轮，所以loss下降不大

结果：

Files already downloaded and verified
tensor(2.2978, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2988, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3163, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3253, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2952, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3066, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3085, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3106, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2960, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3053, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2892, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3090, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2956, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3041, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3012, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3043, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2760, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3051, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2951, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3168, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3140, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3096, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2945, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3115, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2987, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3029, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3096, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3064, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3161, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3129, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2903, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3043, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3034, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3169, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3090, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3039, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3019, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3071, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3018, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3083, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2994, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2909, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3130, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2993, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2906, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3084, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3123, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2931, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3059, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3117, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2975, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3109, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3029, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3020, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3022, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3005, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2920, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3016, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3053, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3082, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3011, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3040, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3130, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2981, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2977, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2994, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3075, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3016, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2966, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3015, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3000, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2953, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2958, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2977, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2928, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2989, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2968, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2982, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.3005, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2993, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2951, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2824, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2987, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2914, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2895, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2974, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.3069, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2940, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3014, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2958, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3013, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.3116, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
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tensor(2.2871, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2975, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2950, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3039, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2901, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2950, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2958, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2893, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2917, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3001, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2988, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3069, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3083, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2841, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2932, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2857, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2971, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2999, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2911, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2977, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3027, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2940, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2939, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2950, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2951, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3000, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2935, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2817, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2977, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3067, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2742, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2964, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2927, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2941, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3003, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2965, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2908, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2885, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2984, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.3009, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2931, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2856, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2907, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2938, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2880, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2975, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2922, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2966, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)
tensor(2.2804, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)

9.3  神经网络优化多轮

import torch
import torchvision
from torch import nn 
from torch.nn import Conv2d, MaxPool2d, Flatten, Linear, Sequential
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriterdataset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10("./dataset",train=False,transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),download=True)       
dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=64,drop_last=True)class Tudui(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super(Tudui, self).__init__()        self.model1 = Sequential(Conv2d(3,32,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Conv2d(32,32,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Conv2d(32,64,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Flatten(),Linear(1024,64),Linear(64,10))def forward(self, x):x = self.model1(x)return xloss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 交叉熵    
tudui = Tudui()
optim = torch.optim.SGD(tudui.parameters(),lr=0.01)   # 随机梯度下降优化器
for epoch in range(20):running_loss = 0.0for data in dataloader:imgs, targets = dataoutputs = tudui(imgs)result_loss = loss(outputs, targets) # 计算实际输出与目标输出的差距optim.zero_grad()  # 梯度清零result_loss.backward() # 反向传播，计算损失函数的梯度optim.step()   # 根据梯度，对网络的参数进行调优running_loss = running_loss + result_lossprint(running_loss) # 对这一轮所有误差的总和

结果：

Files already downloaded and verified
tensor(358.1069, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(353.8411, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(337.3790, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(317.3237, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(307.6762, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(298.2425, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(289.7010, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(282.7116, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(275.8972, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(269.5961, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(263.8480, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(258.5006, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(253.4671, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(248.7994, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(244.4917, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(240.5728, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(236.9719, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(233.6264, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(230.4298, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(227.3427, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)

9.4 神经网络学习率优化 

import torch
import torchvision
from torch import nn 
from torch.nn import Conv2d, MaxPool2d, Flatten, Linear, Sequential
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriterdataset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10("./dataset",train=False,transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),download=True)       
dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=64,drop_last=True)class Tudui(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super(Tudui, self).__init__()        self.model1 = Sequential(Conv2d(3,32,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Conv2d(32,32,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Conv2d(32,64,5,padding=2),MaxPool2d(2),Flatten(),Linear(1024,64),Linear(64,10))def forward(self, x):x = self.model1(x)return xloss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 交叉熵    
tudui = Tudui()
optim = torch.optim.SGD(tudui.parameters(),lr=0.01)   # 随机梯度下降优化器
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optim, step_size=5, gamma=0.1) # 每过 step_size 更新一次优化器，更新是学习率为原来的学习率的的 0.1 倍    
for epoch in range(20):running_loss = 0.0for data in dataloader:imgs, targets = dataoutputs = tudui(imgs)result_loss = loss(outputs, targets) # 计算实际输出与目标输出的差距optim.zero_grad()  # 梯度清零result_loss.backward() # 反向传播，计算损失函数的梯度optim.step()   # 根据梯度，对网络的参数进行调优scheduler.step() # 学习率太小了，所以20个轮次后，相当于没走多少running_loss = running_loss + result_lossprint(running_loss) # 对这一轮所有误差的总和

结果：

Files already downloaded and verified
tensor(359.4722, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
tensor(359.4630, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)
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