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2017网站建设价目表,百度网页推广费用,寓意前程似锦的工程公司名字,flash网站建设Sarsa-λ（Sarsa Lambda）是Sarsa算法的一种变体，其中“λ”表示一个介于0和1之间的参数，用于平衡当前状态和之前所有状态的重要性。 Sarsa算法是一种基于Q-learning算法的增量式学习方法，通过在实际环境中不断探索和学…

Sarsa-λ（Sarsa Lambda）是Sarsa算法的一种变体，其中“λ”表示一个介于0和1之间的参数，用于平衡当前状态和之前所有状态的重要性。

Sarsa算法是一种基于Q-learning算法的增量式学习方法，通过在实际环境中不断探索和学习，逐渐更新策略函数和价值函数，以实现最优行为策略的学习。

Sarsa-λ算法在Sarsa算法的基础上引入了一个新的概念，即“λ衰减”，用于平衡当前状态和之前所有状态的重要性。在Sarsa-λ算法中，我们不仅考虑当前状态的奖励和下一个状态的Q值，还考虑了之前所有状态的Q值，并使用“λ衰减”参数来平衡它们的重要性。这样可以使得学习更具有长远的远见，可以对之前的行动进行更好的学习和回溯。

相比之下，Sarsa算法只考虑当前状态和下一个状态的Q值，不考虑之前所有状态的Q值，因此学习过程不够长远和细致。

总的来说，Sarsa-λ算法比Sarsa算法更适合在具有长时间依赖关系的任务中使用，能够更好地处理延迟奖励问题，同时也更加复杂和计算密集。

话不多说，来看代码上有什么不同：
首先是environment

import numpy as np
import time
import tkinter as tk#定义一些常量
UNIT=40
WIDTH=4
HIGHT=4class Palace(tk.Tk,object):def __init__(self):super(Palace, self).__init__()# 动作空间self.action_space = ['u', 'd', 'l', 'r']# self.n_action=len(self.action_space)self.title('maze')# 建立画布self.geometry('{0}x{1}'.format(HIGHT * UNIT, WIDTH * UNIT))self.build_maze()def build_maze(self):self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self, bg='white', height=HIGHT * UNIT, width=WIDTH * UNIT)# 绘制线框for i in range(0, WIDTH * UNIT, UNIT):x0, y0, x1, y1 = i, 0, i, WIDTH * UNITself.canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1)for j in range(0, HIGHT * UNIT, UNIT):x0, y0, x1, y1 = 0, j, HIGHT * UNIT, jself.canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1)# 创建迷宫中的地狱hell_center1 = np.array([100, 20])self.hell1 = self.canvas.create_rectangle(hell_center1[0] - 15, hell_center1[1] - 15, hell_center1[0] + 15,hell_center1[1] + 15, fill='black')hell_center2 = np.array([20, 100])self.hell2 = self.canvas.create_rectangle(hell_center2[0] - 15, hell_center2[1] - 15, hell_center2[0] + 15,hell_center2[1] + 15, fill='green')# 创建出口out_center = np.array([100, 100])self.oval = self.canvas.create_oval(out_center[0] - 15, out_center[1] - 15, out_center[0] + 15,out_center[1] + 15, fill='yellow')# 智能体origin = np.array([20, 20])self.finder = self.canvas.create_rectangle(origin[0] - 15, origin[1] - 15, origin[0] + 15, origin[1] + 15,fill='red')self.canvas.pack()  # 一定不要忘记加括号# 智能体探索步def step(self, action):s = self.canvas.coords(self.finder)  # 获取智能体当前的位置# 由于移动的函数需要传递移动大小的参数，所以这里需要定义一个移动的基准距离base_action = np.array([0, 0])# 根据action来确定移动方向if action == 'u':if s[1] > UNIT:base_action[1] -= UNITelif action == 'd':if s[1] < HIGHT * UNIT:base_action[1] += UNITelif action == 'l':if s[0] > UNIT:base_action[0] -= UNITelif action == 'r':if s[0] < WIDTH * UNIT:base_action[0] += UNIT# 移动self.canvas.move(self.finder, base_action[0], base_action[1])# 移动后记录新位置指标s_ = self.canvas.coords(self.finder)# 反馈奖励,terminal不是自己赋予的，而是判断出来的if s_ == self.canvas.coords(self.oval):reward = 1done = Trues_ = 'terminal'  # 结束了elif s_ in (self.canvas.coords(self.hell2), self.canvas.coords(self.hell1)):reward = -1done = Trues_ = 'terminal'else:reward = 0done = False# 这个学习函数不但传入的参数多，返回的结果也多return s_, reward, donedef reset(self):self.update()time.sleep(0.5)self.canvas.delete(self.rect)origin = np.array([20, 20])self.rect = self.canvas.create_rectangle(origin[0] - 15, origin[1] - 15,origin[0] + 15, origin[1] + 15,fill='red')# return observationreturn self.canvas.coords(self.rect)def render(self):time.sleep(0.05)self.update()

environment没什么变化，接下来是智能体agent

"""
This part of code is the Q learning brain, which is a brain of the agent.
All decisions are made in here.View more on my tutorial page: https://morvanzhou.github.io/tutorials/
"""import numpy as np
import pandas as pdclass RL(object):def __init__(self, action_space, learning_rate=0.01, reward_decay=0.9, e_greedy=0.9):self.actions = action_space  # a listself.lr = learning_rateself.gamma = reward_decayself.epsilon = e_greedyself.q_table = pd.DataFrame(columns=self.actions, dtype=np.float64)def check_state_exist(self, state):if state not in self.q_table.index:# append new state to q tableself.q_table = self.q_table.append(pd.Series([0] * len(self.actions),index=self.q_table.columns,name=state,))def choose_action(self, observation):self.check_state_exist(observation)# action selectionif np.random.rand() < self.epsilon:# choose best actionstate_action = self.q_table.loc[observation, :]# some actions may have the same value, randomly choose on in these actionsaction = np.random.choice(state_action[state_action == np.max(state_action)].index)else:# choose random actionaction = np.random.choice(self.actions)return actiondef learn(self, *args):pass# backward eligibility traces
class SarsaLambdaTable(RL):# 注意，这里多了一个参数，trace_decay，步伐的衰减值，和奖励的衰减值类似，都是让离奖励越远的值影响越小def __init__(self, actions, learning_rate=0.01, reward_decay=0.9, e_greedy=0.9, trace_decay=0.9):super(SarsaLambdaTable, self).__init__(actions, learning_rate, reward_decay, e_greedy)# backward view, eligibility trace.# 这里出现了lamba，其实它是干什么的我还不清楚，self.lambda_ = trace_decay# 拷贝，把q_table拷贝了一份self.eligibility_trace = self.q_table.copy()def check_state_exist(self, state):if state not in self.q_table.index:# append new state to q tableto_be_append = pd.Series([0] * len(self.actions),index=self.q_table.columns,name=state,)self.q_table = self.q_table.append(to_be_append)# also update eligibility trace# 这份拷贝的表是和原表同步更新的self.eligibility_trace = self.eligibility_trace.append(to_be_append)def learn(self, s, a, r, s_, a_):self.check_state_exist(s_)# 先检查状态，不在表中就添加q_predict = self.q_table.loc[s, a]if s_ != 'terminal':# 这是现实，q_target就是现实q_target = r + self.gamma * self.q_table.loc[s_, a_]  # next state is not terminalelse:q_target = r  # next state is terminal# 不直接更新，而是把误差计算出来，留着后面使用error = q_target - q_predict# increase trace amount for visited state-action pair# 这个lamba主要就是一个更新规则一起就是单步更新，但是那样效率有点慢，# eligiblity_trace就是做一个步伐轨迹的记录# Method 1:# self.eligibility_trace.loc[s, a] += 1# Method 2:self.eligibility_trace.loc[s, :] *= 0self.eligibility_trace.loc[s, a] = 1# Q updateself.q_table += self.lr * error * self.eligibility_trace# decay eligibility trace after updateself.eligibility_trace *= self.gamma * self.lambda_return self.q_table

在强化学习中，Eligibility通常指的是某个状态-动作对（State-Action Pair）对价值函数的贡献。具体来说，它描述了某个状态-动作对对价值函数的影响程度，可以用于增量式地更新价值函数。

Eligibility一般被用于Sarsa-Lambda等强化学习算法中。在这些算法中，每个状态-动作对都会维护一个相关的Eligibility值，表示该状态-动作对对当前的价值函数有多大的贡献。每次更新价值函数时，Eligibility值会被相应地更新。

通常情况下，Eligibility值会根据时间衰减，即先前的状态-动作对对价值函数的贡献会随着时间的推移而逐渐减少，而当前状态-动作对对价值函数的贡献会更高。具体来说，Sarsa-Lambda等算法会使用一个衰减参数来控制Eligibility值的衰减速度，从而平衡过去和现在的状态-动作对对价值函数的贡献。

然后运行run

"""
Sarsa is a online updating method for Reinforcement learning.Unlike Q learning which is a offline updating method, Sarsa is updating while in the current trajectory.You will see the sarsa is more coward when punishment is close because it cares about all behaviours,
while q learning is more brave because it only cares about maximum behaviour.
"""from maze_env import Maze
from RL_brain import SarsaLambdaTabledef update():for episode in range(10):# initial observationobservation = env.reset()# RL choose action based on observationaction = RL.choose_action(str(observation))# initial all zero eligibility trace,每跑一次都置零，哎不管了，直接干RL.eligibility_trace *= 0while True:# fresh envenv.render()# RL take action and get next observation and rewardobservation_, reward, done = env.step(action)# RL choose action based on next observationaction_ = RL.choose_action(str(observation_))# RL learn from this transition (s, a, r, s, a) ==> Sarsaq_table = RL.learn(str(observation), action, reward, str(observation_), action_)# swap observation and actionobservation = observation_action = action_# break while loop when end of this episodeif done:break# end of gameprint('game over')print(q_table)q_table.to_csv('output.csv')env.destroy()if __name__ == "__main__":env = Maze()RL = SarsaLambdaTable(actions=list(range(env.n_actions)))env.after(10, update)env.mainloop()